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Illiberal democracy
An illiberal democracy, also called a partial democracy, low intensity democracy, empty democracy, or hybrid regime,〔Juan Carlos Calleros, Calleros-Alarcó,The Unifinished Transition to Democracy in Latin America, Routledge, 2009, p1〕 is a governing system in which, although elections take place, citizens are cut off from knowledge about the activities of those who exercise real power because of the lack of civil liberties. It is not an "open society". There are many countries "that are categorized as neither 'free' nor 'not free', but as 'probably free', falling somewhere between democratic and nondemocratic regimes".〔O'Neil, Patrick. Essentials of Comparative Politics. 3rd ed. New York, N.Y: W. W Norton & Company, 2010. 162-163. Print.〕 This may be because a constitution limiting government powers exists, but its liberties are ignored, or because an adequate legal constitutional framework of liberties does not exist.
==Terminology==
The term ''illiberal democracy'' was used by Fareed Zakaria in a regularly cited 1997 article in the journal ''Foreign Affairs''.
Writers such as Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way reject the concept of an illiberal democracy, saying it only "muddies the waters" on the basis that it if a country does not have opposition parties and an independent media, it is not democratic.〔Halperin, M. H., Siegle, J. T. & Weinstein, M. M. ''The Democracy Advantage: How Democracies Promote Prosperity and Peace.'' Routledge, 2005. pp. 10. ISBN 978-0-415-95052-7.〕 They argue that terms like "illiberal democracy" are inappropriate for some of these states, because the term implies that these regimes are, at their heart, democracies that have gone wrong. Levitsky and Way argue that states such as Serbia under Slobodan Milosevic, Zimbabwe, and post-Soviet Russia, were never truly democratic and not developing toward democracy, but were rather tending toward authoritarian behavior, despite having elections (which were sometimes sharply contested). Thus, Levitsky and Way coined a new term to remove the positive connotation of ''democracy'' from these states and distinguish them from flawed or developing democracies: ''competitive authoritarianism''.〔Levitsky, Steven & Lucan Way. ''Assessing the Quality of Democracy'', Journal of Democracy, April 2002, vol. 13.2, pp. 51-65〕
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